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Montessori education is an educational approach developed by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori and characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological, physical, and social development.Although a range of practices exists under the name "Montessori", the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) and the American Montessori Society (AMS) cite these elements as essential:Mixed age classrooms, with classrooms for children ages 2½ or 3 to 6 years old by far the most commonStudent choice of activity from within a prescribed range of optionsUninterrupted blocks of work time, ideally three hoursA constructivist or "discovery" model, where students learn concepts from working with materials, rather than by direct instructionSpecialized educational materials developed by Montessori and her collaboratorsFreedom of movement within the classroomA trained Montessori teacherIn addition, many Montessori schools design their programs with reference to Montessori's model of human development from her published works, and use pedagogy, lessons, and materials introduced in teacher training derived from courses presented by Montessori during her lifetime.