Anatoly Sergeyevich Polyakov (Russian: Анатолий Серге́евич Поляков; born May 10, 1980 in Vorkuta, Komi Republic) is a butterfly swimmer from Russia, who won a bronze in the men's 200 metres butterfly event at the 2004 European Championships in Madrid, Spain. He represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 2000. In 2007 Polyakov was suspended for two years after he failed a drug test for boldenone doping.