Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the Late Paleocene (Itaboraian SALMA) to the Middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA), 59 to 12 million years ago. Astrapotheres were large and rhinoceros-like animals and certainly is one of the most bizarre orders of mammals with an enigmatic evolutionary history.The history of this order is enigmatic, but it may taxonomically belong to Meridiungulata (along with Notoungulata, Litopterna and Pyrotheria).