Built in Toronto by Dr. Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition, Bertie the Brain was an early arcade game. Standing at four metres tall, Bertie the Brain allowed players to play the computer in a game of Tic-Tac-Toe. Sporting adjustable difficulty, Bertie rarely lost at the highest levels. The game was controlled by entering a move on a three-by-three grid lit keypad, with the game playing out on a monitor overhead.