Elpidifor Vasilyevich Barsov (Елпидифор Васильевич Барсов, 13 November 1836, v. Loginovo, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire, — 15 April 1917, Moscow, Russia) was a Russian Empire literary historian, ethnographer, folklorist, archeologist and philologist, specializing in the ancient Russian written language.