Marcel Reich-Ranicki (German: [maɐ̯ˈsɛl ˈʀaɪç ʀaˈnɪtski]; born 2 June 1920 – 18 September 2013) was a Polish-born German literary critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47. He was regarded as one of the most influential contemporary literary critics in the field of German literature and has often been called Literaturpapst ("Pope of Literature") in Germany.