Martiniano Chilavert (October 16, 1798 - February 4, 1852) was a 19th-century Argentinian military officer who took in the part in the country's civil wars between the Unitarians and the Federales. Originally an Unitarian opponent of Federalist leader of Juan Manuel de Rosas, Chilavert joined the federalists after the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado. Chilavert was motivated by Rosas' resistance to the British and French and the other Unitarian leaders' alliance with non-Argentines.